Constants

Table of Contents

A constant is an identifier (name) for a simple value. As the name suggests, that value cannot change during the execution of the script (except for magic constants, which aren't actually constants). Constants are case-sensitive. By convention, constant identifiers are always uppercase.

Note:

Prior to PHP 8.0.0, constants defined using the define() function may be case-insensitive.

The name of a constant follows the same rules as any label in PHP. A valid constant name starts with a letter or underscore, followed by any number of letters, numbers, or underscores. As a regular expression, it would be expressed thusly: ^[a-zA-Z_\x80-\xff][a-zA-Z0-9_\x80-\xff]*$

It is possible to define() constants with reserved or even invalid names, whose value can only be retrieved with the constant() function. However, doing so is not recommended.

Tip

See also the Userland Naming Guide.

Example #1 Valid and invalid constant names

<?php

// Valid constant names
define("FOO", "something");
define("FOO2", "something else");
define("FOO_BAR", "something more");

// Invalid constant names
define("2FOO", "something");

// This is valid, but should be avoided:
// PHP may one day provide a magical constant
// that will break your script
define("__FOO__", "something");

?>

Note: For our purposes here, a letter is a-z, A-Z, and the ASCII characters from 128 through 255 (0x80-0xff).

Like superglobals, the scope of a constant is global. Constants can be accessed from anywhere in a script without regard to scope. For more information on scope, read the manual section on variable scope.

Note: As of PHP 7.1.0, class constant may declare a visibility of protected or private, making them only available in the hierarchical scope of the class in which it is defined.

add a note

User Contributed Notes 13 notes

up
246
wbcarts at juno dot com
11 years ago
11/14/2016 - note updated by sobak
-----

CONSTANTS and PHP Class Definitions

Using "define('MY_VAR', 'default value')" INSIDE a class definition does not work as expected. You have to use the PHP keyword 'const' and initialize it with a scalar value -- boolean, int, float, string (or array in PHP 5.6+) -- right away.

<?php

define
('MIN_VALUE', '0.0'); // RIGHT - Works OUTSIDE of a class definition.
define('MAX_VALUE', '1.0'); // RIGHT - Works OUTSIDE of a class definition.

//const MIN_VALUE = 0.0; RIGHT - Works both INSIDE and OUTSIDE of a class definition.
//const MAX_VALUE = 1.0; RIGHT - Works both INSIDE and OUTSIDE of a class definition.

class Constants
{
//define('MIN_VALUE', '0.0'); WRONG - Works OUTSIDE of a class definition.
//define('MAX_VALUE', '1.0'); WRONG - Works OUTSIDE of a class definition.

const MIN_VALUE = 0.0; // RIGHT - Works INSIDE of a class definition.
const MAX_VALUE = 1.0; // RIGHT - Works INSIDE of a class definition.

public static function getMinValue()
{
return
self::MIN_VALUE;
}

public static function
getMaxValue()
{
return
self::MAX_VALUE;
}
}

?>

#Example 1:
You can access these constants DIRECTLY like so:
* type the class name exactly.
* type two (2) colons.
* type the const name exactly.

#Example 2:
Because our class definition provides two (2) static functions, you can also access them like so:
* type the class name exactly.
* type two (2) colons.
* type the function name exactly (with the parentheses).

<?php

#Example 1:
$min = Constants::MIN_VALUE;
$max = Constants::MAX_VALUE;

#Example 2:
$min = Constants::getMinValue();
$max = Constants::getMaxValue();

?>

Once class constants are declared AND initialized, they cannot be set to different values -- that is why there are no setMinValue() and setMaxValue() functions in the class definition -- which means they are READ-ONLY and STATIC (shared by all instances of the class).
up
17
gried at NOSPAM dot nsys dot by
8 years ago
Lets expand comment of 'storm' about usage of undefined constants. His claim that 'An undefined constant evaluates as true...' is wrong and right at same time. As said further in documentation ' If you use an undefined constant, PHP assumes that you mean the name of the constant itself, just as if you called it as a string...'. So yeah, undefined global constant when accessed directly will be resolved as string equal to name of sought constant (as thought PHP supposes that programmer had forgot apostrophes and autofixes it) and non-zero non-empty string converts to True.

There are two ways to prevent this:
1. always use function constant('CONST_NAME') to get constant value (BTW it also works for class constants - constant('CLASS_NAME::CONST_NAME') );
2. use only class constants (that are defined inside of class using keyword const) because they are not converted to string when not found but throw exception instead (Fatal error: Undefined class constant).
up
22
katana at katana-inc dot com
22 years ago
Warning, constants used within the heredoc syntax (http://www.php.net/manual/en/language.types.string.php) are not interpreted!

Editor's Note: This is true. PHP has no way of recognizing the constant from any other string of characters within the heredoc block.
up
11
warwick dot jm dot barnes at gmail dot com
3 years ago
The documentation says, "You can access constants anywhere in your script without regard to scope", but it's worth keeping in mind that a const declaration must appear in the source file before the place where it's used.

This doesn't work (using PHP 5.4):
<?php
foo
();
const
X = 1;
function
foo() {
echo
"Value of X: " . X;
}
?>
Result: "Value of X: X"

But this works:
<?php
const X = 1;
foo();
function
foo() {
echo
"Value of X: " . X;
}
?>
Result: "Value of X: 1"

This is potentially confusing because you can refer to a function that occurs later in your source file, but not a constant. Even though the const declaration is processed at compile time, it behaves a bit like it's being processed at run time.
up
25
ewspencer at industrex dot com
20 years ago
I find using the concatenation operator helps disambiguate value assignments with constants. For example, setting constants in a global configuration file:

<?php
define
('LOCATOR', "/locator");
define('CLASSES', LOCATOR."/code/classes");
define('FUNCTIONS', LOCATOR."/code/functions");
define('USERDIR', LOCATOR."/user");
?>

Later, I can use the same convention when invoking a constant's value for static constructs such as require() calls:

<?php
require_once(FUNCTIONS."/database.fnc");
require_once(
FUNCTIONS."/randchar.fnc");
?>

as well as dynamic constructs, typical of value assignment to variables:

<?php
$userid
= randchar(8,'anc','u');
$usermap = USERDIR."/".$userid.".png";
?>

The above convention works for me, and helps produce self-documenting code.

-- Erich
up
15
Andreas R.
16 years ago
If you are looking for predefined constants like
* PHP_OS (to show the operating system, PHP was compiled for; php_uname('s') might be more suitable),
* DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR ("\\" on Win, '/' Linux,...)
* PATH_SEPARATOR (';' on Win, ':' on Linux,...)
they are buried in 'Predefined Constants' under 'List of Reserved Words' in the appendix:
http://www.php.net/manual/en/reserved.constants.php
while the latter two are also mentioned in 'Directory Functions'
http://www.php.net/manual/en/ref.dir.php
up
15
hafenator2000 at yahoo dot com
18 years ago
PHP Modules also define constants. Make sure to avoid constant name collisions. There are two ways to do this that I can think of.
First: in your code make sure that the constant name is not already used. ex. <?php if (! defined("CONSTANT_NAME")) { Define("CONSTANT_NAME","Some Value"); } ?> This can get messy when you start thinking about collision handling, and the implications of this.
Second: Use some off prepend to all your constant names without exception ex. <?php Define("SITE_CONSTANT_NAME","Some Value"); ?>

Perhaps the developers or documentation maintainers could recommend a good prepend and ask module writers to avoid that prepend in modules.
up
16
Raheel Khan
9 years ago
class constant are by default public in nature but they cannot be assigned visibility factor and in turn gives syntax error

<?php

class constants {

const
MAX_VALUE = 10;
public const
MIN_VALUE =1;

}

// This will work
echo constants::MAX_VALUE;

// This will return syntax error
echo constants::MIN_VALUE;
?>
up
12
storm
18 years ago
An undefined constant evaluates as true when not used correctly. Say for example you had something like this:

settings.php
<?php
// Debug mode
define('DEBUG',false);
?>

test.php
<?php
include('settings.php');

if (
DEBUG) {
// echo some sensitive data.
}
?>

If for some reason settings.php doesn't get included and the DEBUG constant is not set, PHP will STILL print the sensitive data. The solution is to evaluate it. Like so:

settings.php
<?php
// Debug mode
define('DEBUG',0);
?>

test.php
<?php
include('settings.php');

if (
DEBUG == 1) {
// echo some sensitive data.
}
?>

Now it works correctly.
up
1
jcastromail at yahoo dot es
6 years ago
Performance of constants. PHP 7.1.10 32 bits (Opcache active, windows 10 i7-64bits) but apparently the trends is the same with the 5.x

using a constant declared by DEFINE('CNS',value) : 0.63575601577759s
using a constant declared by const CNS=value : 0.61372208595276s
using a variable declared by $v=value : 0.51184010505676s

In average, the use of DEFINE and CONST is around the same with some sightly better performance of CONST instead of DEFINE. However, using a variable is around 10-50% better than to use a constant. So, for a performance intensive task, constant is not the best option.

$p1=microtime(true);
$x=0;
for($i=0;$i<50000000;$i++) {
$x+=CNS;
}
$p2=microtime(true);
up
-2
Sumon Mahmud (Abu Taleb)
4 years ago
define('MYKEY', 'The value is from outside of class');
class Abc{

const MAX = 10;

public function __construct(){
define('TEST', 'hello world! '); // using define function in class constructor
}
public function getOutput(){
echo TEST . MYKEY . PHP_EOL; // accessing constants from outside of class
}
}

$obj = new Abc(); // define function will call
$obj->getOutput(); // hello world! The value is from outside of class

echo Abc::MAX . PHP_EOL; // 10 - accessing constant using scope resolution

echo TEST; // hello world! Because the constants is defined while constructor call
up
-32
php at webflips dot net
9 years ago
It is perfectly valid to use a built-in PHP keyword as a constant name - as long as you the constant() function to retrieve it later:

<?php
define
('echo', 'My constant value');

echo
constant('echo'); // outputs 'My constant value'
?>
up
-9
mparsa1372 at gmail dot com
3 years ago
<?php
//Syntax of define constant in php
//define(name, value, case-insensitive);

//it will print 100 in output
define('BOOK',100);
echo
BOOK;

//it will print 200 in output
define('book', 200 , true);
echo
book;

//results of all are the same
echo '<br>';
echo
BOOK;
echo
'<br>';
echo
book;
To Top